The. Legal Restrictions: Just like lane splitting, the legality of lane filtering varies by location. 1. Intentionally blocking or impeding a motorcyclist in a way that could cause harm to the rider is illegal. Lane splitting in Utah. The state forbids lane splitting in Part 1, Title XIV, Chapter 89, Section 4A of its General Laws, saying that vehicle operators must ride entirely in a single lane on any road with two or more lanes. So, what states is lane splitting legal in 2021? At the moment, the legality of lane splitting is still being debated in a number of states. As of now, lane splitting is not explicitly legal or illegal in Hawaii. In Utah, lane filtering (a form of lane splitting where riders move to the front of a line of. Lane filtering, a similar practice, describes riding the stripe between lanes of stopped traffic. Once passed, this law will allow lane-filtering events at red lights as long as the cars are stationary. New Mexico Lane Splitting Laws. California is the only state in America to make white lining legal officially. com It's one of the latest states to legalize a version of lane splitting. Lane. The bill: * passed full Senate and House floor votes, with 3-to-1 bipartisan majorities * had 17 sponsors, with a nearly even split of Democrats and Republicans, House and Senate, from rural, urban, and suburban districtsThe Current Legal Status of Lane Splitting in Texas. Lane splitting is legal in some areas of the United States, while it is illegal in others. In states where lane splitting is not legal or illegal, the police officer responding to the scene of the accident may determine who was at fault for causing the collision in their report. First, not only is lane-sharing or lane-splitting legal in California, but the CHP wrote the safety guidelines as instructed in AB51, which was approved by Gov. Filtering in Utah became legal in May. The victory is a huge boost for Montana’s motorcycle riders. The topic of lane splitting is a controversial one. Rep. Lane splitting is, in fact, illegal in Colorado. What this means for those states is that lane-splitting is neither legal nor illegal. Arizona passed a law that goes into effect in September of 2022, and Montana enacted its lane-splitting law in 2021. 21658. The aye. Crossing center line is not a per se traffic violation under New Mexico traffic laws. Quirk's legislation, Assembly Bill 51, was signed into law by Governor Jerry Brown on Friday and officially codifies lane-splitting as a legal maneuver across California. Additionally, anyone who operates a motorcycle in New Hampshire must have a current, valid. In 2016, it became the first state to legalize it. California was the first state to adopt a rule to allow lane splitting with motorcycles. California is the only state in the US to legalize the maneuver. The law goes into effect 90 days after the state. I was curious to know how many states allowed lane splitting, I have been forced to do so a few times by moronic drivers to avoud potential accidents. But not only is lane splitting legal in California, it is illegal for other motor vehicles to intentionally block or impede a motorcyclist in a way that could harm the rider. Lane splitting is illegal. If lane splitting was legal you could pass the last car and put a barrier between motorcyclists and drivers that are not paying attention. About; Attorney Jason Holladay;. The state does not have any specific laws that address or regulate lane splitting. Motorcycle Safety Program Page. For example,. Lane-splitting remains illegal in Texas. Currently, California is the only state where lane splitting is legal. Discover the comprehensive state-by-state guide to motorcycle laws, covering helmets, lane splitting, licensing, and more. 503-986-4198. However, Utah and Montana have restricted laws regarding lane splitting. ”Again, because lane-splitting isn’t strictly illegal in Missouri, you may still file an injury claim or lawsuit if you’re injured while lane-splitting. These states are California, Oregon, Washington, Nevada, Utah, Texas, and Tennessee. , only California allowed the practice for many years, though it was not legally sanctioned until 2016. A majority of states ban it in all situations. 149, 2018) were the first two states to codify and sign lane separation or lane filtering laws. Other states, including Washington and Oregon, are considering making lane splitting legal, while one state – Utah – explicitly allows lane filtering but not lane splitting. Kate Brown. Here in Springfield, a rider slipped between two moving cars sparking the question. The bill never became law. Lawmakers passed a bill in 2021 to let motorcyclists ride between lanes of congested traffic, but it was vetoed. It’s essential to notice that in Canada and almost all the United States (aside from California, and three different states) – lane splitting is uniformly prohibited. Is lane-splitting legal in North Carolina? Lane-splitting is a controversial practice subject to a varied patchwork of laws and restrictions throughout the United States. However, it is not legal in Ohio. Georgia law forbids lane-splitting. S. California is the only state in the US to legalize the maneuver. It’s important to understand that lane splitting is dangerous to riders and other road users. It is illegal for motorcyclists to ride between lanes of cars in slowed or stopped traffic. The Legal Status of Lane Splitting. In the last few years, several states have legalized lane splitting, and more may follow in the coming years. C. Lane splitting is legal in the states of California, Arizona, and Nevada. No, lane splitting is not legal in Alabama. As SBU Executives we can go to the committee meetings and advocate the passage of. 608 very specifically says that “No person shall operate a motorcycle between lanes of traffic or between adjacent lines or rows of vehicles. Legal Restrictions: Just like lane splitting, the legality of lane filtering varies by location. Lane filtering is also illegal in Georgia, though there have been many petitions to make this practice legal. The issue of legalizing lane splitting in Texas has come up several times in the state's legislature. 9,. California is the only state that has thus far legalized lane splitting. Some states have no laws either for or against it. France recently switched their stance from tolerating lane-splitting (as in, it wasn’t explicitly legal, but tolerated and widely seen) to outright banning it, with an astonishing €135 fine and 3. 1972). They are:If you or a loved one suffered injuries in an accident with a lane-splitting motorcyclist, the experienced attorneys at Labrum Law can determine whether you have a case. Efforts to legalize and officially recognize lane filtering/splitting will be considered in three more states during the 2021 legislature. However, this does not mean that it is legal. Several other states have specific concessions where lane splitting or lane filtering is legal. 209 Operating motorcycles on roadways laned for traffic. Our legal team has experience with motorcycle accident cases, and we’re waiting to answer your call. The law allows motorcyclists to travel up to 15 miles per hourIs Lane Splitting Legal in Chicago and/or Illinois? Lane splitting is illegal in both Chicago and the state of Illinois. that currently allow lane splitting. Of the 50 states, only California has legalized lane splitting, and though there have been attempts to legalize it in Nevada, Texas, Washington and Oregon, it’s still a dream outside the Golden State. Jan 21, 2021 at 4:15pm ET. Several other U. While this legislation is generally worded for cars, a strict interpretation makes lane-splitting for motorcyclists illegal. Lane filtering is the practice of motorcycles filtering through two lanes of stopped traffic going in the same direction. However, this does not mean that it is completely legal. Currently, California is the only state that allows lane-splitting, and even then, it’s only allowed under certain circumstances. 660, article 5 states: A person operating a motorcycle, moped, low-speed vehicle, electric personal assistive mobility. For example, when traffic is standing still at an intersection, the cyclist may travel between traffic to move safely up the lane. Lane-splitting is legal in a few states, most notably California, but not legal in Illinois. While lane splitting allows for a faster commute and can be a convenient way… Lane splitting, also referred to as filtering, is the act of driving a motorcycle, scooter, or moped between lanes of traffic moving in the same direction. The maneuver is permitted when “on a road with lanes wide enough to pass safely. There, motorcyclists can lane split, with a recommendation to not split lanes over 30 mph. However, as of 2021, no bills have been passed that would legalize lane splitting in Florida. Lane splitting is not legal in Kansas. Meanwhile, those against lane splitting refer to the high rate of motorcycle accidents in the state: nearly 7,000 in. Per Illinois statute 625 ILCS §5/11-703 (c), any person operating a two-wheeled vehicle such as a motorcycle, moped, or. . What I have heard anecdotally is that no one in the greater Seattle area is getting pulled over just for filtering. It frequently happens when traffic is stalled or congested. California, Utah, and Montana are the only states to have passed a law authorizing lane-splitting and filtering under specific conditions. Call us at (855) 680-4911 or schedule a free consultation. The question arises whether lane splitting is legal in the state or not. The difference between lane filtering and lane splitting. Brown, Jr. Understanding Lane Splitting in California. In 2021, there were over 8,000 motorcycle accidents in Florida with over 500 people dying in a crash. They can also legally pass vehicles proceeding in the same direction within the same lane. New York is one of them. Arizona is the most recent state to legalize lane filtering, allowing motorcyclists to go past stopped vehicles in the same direction. Q: What Happens if Lane Splitting Causes an Accident? A: If lane splitting leads to an accident, the fault for the incident will likely fall to whichever motorist splits the. California is the only state to enact a law that allows lane splitting. In Washington, lane splitting is currently illegal, but the state introduced a bill in 2015 to change that. 51, 2016) and Utah (H. 503-986-4198. It involves riding between lanes or rows of vehicles on the right side of the lane, moving faster than the surrounding traffic. . ) And there are no explicit rules in Texas that authorize lane splitting or lane filtering. Lane filtering is legal in four states, lane splitting in one. Plenty of other U. THE LEGAL DEFINITION OF LANE SPLITTING. Previous Attempts at Lane Splitting Legislation in Texas Lane splitting is legal in some states and illegal in others. , only California allowed the practice for many years, though it was not legally sanctioned until 2016. As mentioned earlier, while this practice is not legal in Pennsylvania, it doesn’t seem to stop motorcyclists from doing it. Some states have made lane splitting legal. The same kind of bill, which was supposed to legalize lane splitting, was introduced back in 2010 but it didn’t pass. Salem, OR 97314-0001. Senate Bill 9. Table of Contents. Presently, it’s only the state of California that allows motorcycles to lane split. 30 to 40 mph is fast enough to move along without startling anyone and still avoid lane changes. Only California specifically articulates that lane splitting is legal. Lane splitting allowed Montana: March 2, 2021: Senate Bill 9: October 1, 2021: Motorcycle with two wheels: Any: Lane filtering up to 20 miles an hour (32 km/h) allowed, to overtake a stopped or slow (up to 10 miles an hour (16 km/h)) vehicle Utah: March 21, 2019: House Bill 149: May 14, 2019: Motorcycle other than an autocyclePosted on 1/12/23 at 7:45 am. Currently, California is the only state that allows lane-splitting, and even then, it’s only allowed under certain circumstances. 61. If you have been injured as a result of lane splitting, you may want to consult with a local attorney as soon as possible. Because California’s lane-splitting laws are so unique, you’ll need a personal injury attorney with the skill and knowledge to handle your case. In terms of the pros and cons of lane splitting, it depends on where the motorcyclists are performing this act. Jerry Brown in 2016. Noise Restriction Laws in Arkansas: 4. PLAN AHEAD! Complete the online driver license/. Assembly Bill No. Unlike some states where lane splitting is explicitly legal or illegal, Florida's stance on the matter isn't as clear-cut. Montana passed a bill in 2021 allowing lane. Motorcycle lane splitting is broadly legal in California, and legal in Utah, Arizona and Montana under specific circumstances. It is also referred to as filtering, stripe riding, or lane sharing. On the side streets, I sometimes see bikers filtering, but it's again kind of a mixed bag. Why in America do drivers lose their minds and in other other. There does not seem to be any widespread support in the. First, not only is lane-sharing or lane-splitting legal in California, but the CHP wrote the safety guidelines as instructed in AB51, which was approved by. Lane-splitting is legal in California—with the caveat that motorcyclists lane-split only when traffic slows to 40mph or below, and that riders only travel ten miles per hour faster than the slow traffic around them. Lane splitting refers to when motorcycles ride in the middle lane, between stalled or slow moving traffic. In fact, although lane sharing occurs in other states, California is the only place where the practice has been made legal. California. Lane splitting, or riding a motorcycle between lanes, is a great way for motorcyclists to reduce congestion and potentially save time when commuting. Lane splitting is legal in California because the state recognizes this practice as a useful tool to decrease traffic congestion since the volume of traffic is much higher than in other states. The states we discussed above all have laws specifically governing the circumstances under which lane splitting is legal. These states are California, Oregon, Washington, Nevada, Utah, Texas, and Tennessee. However, state law may not place any strict limits in terms of speed, but it is recommended that motorcyclists avoid splitting lanes by moving faster than 10 mph more than the drivers around them or when surrounding. Lane filtering is also illegal in Georgia, though there have been many petitions to make this practice legal. They are on the road with a speed limit of 45 miles per hour or less and believe the move is safe. Driving a lane splits. The Montana Senate Bill 9 went into effect on October 1, 2021, making lane-splitting legal in Big Sky Country. . This year alone, the Sunshine State has seen 300 fatalities resulting from motorcycle crashes. Opening a vehicle door to impede a motorcyclist is illegal. is no. (1) All motorcycles are entitled to full use of a lane and no motor vehicle shall be driven in such manner as to deprive any motorcycle of the full use of a lane. Lane splitting is illegal in just about every state in this country except for California, where they have passed laws that allow this practice. a Brief history of 2021’s senate bill 574. Tea stop conversations start the same type of debate that rages when discussing crossing a solid white line to pass queuing. Lane splitting is legal in California, Oregon, and Washington. Missouri. Whether you're a new motorcycle rider or are a recent Florida transplant, all riders should know that an action known as "lane-splitting" is illegal in the state. 61. Someday, lane splitting may become legal in Oregon. In the remaining states, lane splitting isn't recognized as a legal maneuver, but it's not explicitly banned. California is the only state where lane splitting is legal. S. Montana. Free Consultation: 1-888-925-4034. However. S. Oregon lawmakers are taking another crack at letting motorcyclists travel between. About a dozen states don't really address the topic, while all other states prohibit it. “ (a) An operator on a roadway divided into two or more clearly marked lanes for traffic: (1) shall drive as nearly as practical entirely within a single lane. This practice is often conflated with lane sharing, which describes two vehicles riding side-by-side in the same lane of traffic. As of 2021, Los. S. Lane splitting occurs when a motorcycle rides at any speed between two lanes of stopped traffic. Lane filtering bills have been a hot topic in the Oregon state house for years, but in 2021, SB 574 passed both the Senate and the House. Lane splitting is legal in California, Oregon, and Washington. In California, lane splitting is defined as riding a motorcycle between two lanes of traffic, or between a lane of traffic and the curb, as long as the motorcycle does not travel more than 15 miles per. The new law means Montana joins California and Utah in officially recognizing lane-splitting as a legal form of riding. A bill to legalize lane splitting passed the legislature in 2021 with bipartisan support, but then-Gov. Lane Splitting Laws in Arkansas: 6. A few years ago, California passed a law that allows some degree of lane splitting to prevent gridlock. While HB 4122 outlawed lane splitting in Texas, on the flip side it made it legal for two motorcyclists to ride together in the. ” This can result in serious. The short answer is no, Colorado law forbids lane splitting for all drivers. You can be stopped and penalized for the practice. Lane-splitting is the practice of a motorcyclist riding between two lanes or rows of slowly moving or stopped traffic. French riders staged protests in multiple cities in 2021 when the possibility of a lane-splitting ban in that country was raised. Lane splitting is illegal in. So to some degree lane splitting is legal in Montana but with stipulations. The short answer is yes. 2021 in Westchester. With the passage of SB 9 in Montana earlier this month, motorcyclists will be able to legally lane-split throughout the state under certain conditions starting October 1, 2021. Do courteous deeds like letting people change lanes. However, Kansas does allow two motorcycles to ride side by side in one single lane of traffic, which is called lane sharing. California law allows lane splitting only when the surrounding traffic is moving at 30 mph or less. 2 MV Agusta F4 LH44. S. In most states, lane splitting is illegal, and can result in a ticket or even arrest. not only is lane sharing or lane splitting legal in California but the CHP wrote the safety guidelines as instructed in AB51, which was approved by Gov. 115). Lane sharing means that a motorcyclist is allowed to share lanes with another motorcycle rider riding in the same lane. Lane-splitting is not legal in Florida, in fact, the only U. Several petitions have circulated online seeking support for lane splitting, but. Penalties for Lane Splitting in New York. Per Illinois statute 625 ILCS §5/11-703 (c), any person operating a two-wheeled vehicle such as a motorcycle, moped, or. S. Utah uses the term lane filtering to describe the practice and defines it thusly: “Lane filtering” means, when operating a motorcycle other than an autocycle, the act of overtaking and passing another vehicle that is stopped in the same direction of travel in the same lane. There is no technicality of stopping someone from breaking the law when you're not a peace officer, that is called being a vigilante and is. 20, no rider is permitted to go between lanes of traffic or rows of vehicles. In fact, the first comprehensive study related to lane splitting came out of California through UC Berkley. S. As of 2022, California is the first and only state to make lane splitting explicitly legal, and before that, it was a respected practice. The states we discussed above all have laws specifically governing the circumstances under which lane splitting is legal. If one Colorado state lawmaker gets his way, lane splitting could soon be legal in the state. It’s the fourth time that one of the state’s. The numbers don’t lie – motorcycle accidents happen too frequently and often result from risky driving behaviors, such as lane-splitting. Lane splitting is illegal in the state of West Virginia, just as it is in every other state except for California. As long as you are a legal adult, you do not have to wear a helmet if you ride a motorcycle in New Hampshire. Lane-splitting is a common practice in many areas of the world. Under Senate Bill 574, motorcycle riders could travel between lanes of traffic to avoid congestion on multilane highways. By Aghabegian & Associates on November 17, 2021. B. In states where lane splitting is legal, there are specific guidelines developed by legislators or police that discuss how this practice should be carried out. Certain rules and regulations in the state of Ohio apply only to motorcyclists. However, it is legal for two motorcyclists to ride side-by-side in the same lane. The bill authorizes the. The Committee is currently debating the bill. 1. ” The New Jersey Driver`s Manual also contains similar mentions. The Oregon state senate is taking another crack at a lane splitting bill in 2021. 4 2008 MV Agusta F4 R 312 – 193 mph. Gjelten September 4, 2023, 3:51 pmThe debate over lane-splitting is contentious, to say the least. California was one of the first states to embrace lane-splitting even before it was legal; motorists and motorcyclists approved of the practice for years. Lane splitting has been legal in California for many years. Motorcycle lane splitting is now legal in Mississippi. Lane splitting, also known as lane sharing, white lining, or filtering, is the practice of driving a motorcycle, scooter, or bicycle between the lanes of traffic on a road. Posted: Nov 14, 2021 / 06:21 AM PST. This legalized. The definition of lane splitting refers to the act of riding a motorcycle between rows of moving vehicles. However, Kansas does allow two motorcycles to ride side by side in one single lane of traffic, which is called lane sharing. Currently, lane splitting is only legal in a handful of US states. However, motorcycle drivers must follow lane-splitting etiquette. Montana bill S. For example, lane splitting in Hawaii is illegal because of narrow roads, but motorcycle riders can pass on the shoulder lane if traffic is at a standstill. So, where is lane splitting legal in the US? As of 2021, lane splitting is legal in California, Oregon, Washington, Nevada, and Texas. Driving a lane splits. While some states are considering new legislation, California is one of only three states in the U. This concept called “lane sharing” is different from lane splitting. In Utah, filtering through traffic is only permitted under certain conditions. According to Florida Statute 316. There were no bills proposed for the 2021 Texas legislative session, meaning those hoping for lane. The CHP’s guidelines state that motorcyclists should only split the lane when. Lane splitting is not explicitly prohibited by state law. Operating motorcycles on roadways laned for traffic. —. This is why if a cyclist is involved in an accident while lane splitting, the court will likely find the cyclist liable for lane splitting, which has not been accepted. Lane splitting is legal in the following states: California Hawaii Oregon Washington Lane splitting is illegal in the following states: Alabama Arizona ArkansasBill to allow ‘lane splitting’ by motorcyclists clears Oregon Legislature. As of 2021, riders in Texas are not allowed to ride between lanes or rows of slow-moving or stopped traffic that is moving in the same direction. Ohio views lane splitting as an unsafe and unacceptable practice. The research indicates that lane splitting is generally safe when it happens in traffic moving slower than 50 mph so long as the motorcyclist does not operate 15 mph faster than surrounding traffic. California’s rule, which was passed in 2016, permits motorcyclists to switch lanes if they drive less than 50 miles per hour and the speed disparity between the motorcycle and. Discover the comprehensive state-by-state guide to motorcycle laws, covering helmets, lane splitting, licensing, and more. While lane splitting is common in many countries worldwide, the United States leaves traffic laws in the hands of each state. New Mexico Lane Splitting Laws. Lane splitting is only permitted in the state of California. Hawaii. In December 2016, State Senator Kirk Watson (D) introduced Senate Bill 288, which would have allowed lane-splitting in Texas, so long as the rider was travelling in traffic moving slower than 20 mph and was going no more than 5 mph faster than other road users. Laws on lane splitting (sometimes called lane sharing, lane filtering, shoulder surfing) vary from state to state. And while some states do not specifically address lane splitting, Illinois does, and the relevant Illinois law states: "The driver of a 2 wheeled vehicle may not, in. According to state legislature, the motorcyclist is entitled to the full use of the lane. states are considering adopting legislation to making lane splitting legal. Utah, Montana, and Arizona passed lane filtering laws under certain conditions. For more information, please call (800) 928-1511. The measure was signed into law on September 24, 2022. Lane splitting occurs when a motorcycle rides at any speed between two lanes of stopped traffic. arizona lane filtering bill 'Green News Report' - November 16, 2021. I. There are a handful of states with pending legislation and Utah, Hawaii, and Montana have adopted forms of lane splitting, but California continues to be the only. A new law here may come down to the battle of the experts. Lane splitting is often seen as a method for motorcyclists to make. Proponents of legal lane-splitting also note a study conducted in 2015 by UC Berkeley that found lane-splitting isn. While motorcyclists are more likely to be injured in an accident, drivers or passengers of other vehicles may also be injured in a high-speed collision or an. In previous times, some Texas legislators attempted to change lane-splitting laws to no avail. In Queensland, lane filtering is only legal when you hold an open licence and:Four states permit the maneuver. Lane splitting is legal in some states, while it is illegal in others. This new standard was established in 2016, although lane splitting was informally allowed in the years prior to the change. No matter what state you’re in lane splitting is illegal. It increases the risk of collisions with other vehicles. 5 1999 Suzuki Hayabusa – 194 mph. Kate Brown vetoed the bill, convinced that it wasn't safe. Lane splitting is not legal in Oregon. There are 10 states where it's not specifically legal or banned. The. (COLORADO) – The Colorado State Patrol is sending a clear reminder to motorcycle riders that lane splitting is illegal in Colorado. At the present time, only one state—California—has specifically declared lane-splitting to be legal. In October 2021, The passing of . Lane splitting is illegal in every other U. Senate Bill 574 would have legalized a limited form of motorcycle lane filtering in Oregon. If one Colorado state lawmaker gets his way, lane splitting could soon be legal in the state. If you’ve ever been startled out of the doldrums of your afternoon commute by a thundering, lane-splitting Harley Davidson and cursed whoever is responsible, you’re not alone. However, just because this practice is legal doesn’t mean that motorcyclists can blast by you at high speed. The 2015 Texas transportation law specifies that cars must remain entirely inside a single lane (not between. In California, for example, lane splitting is allowed when traffic is moving at a speed of less than 50 miles per hour and the motorcycle is traveling no more than 10 miles per hour faster than the cars it is passing. Likewise, in Utah, the state. As a result, California was the first state in the U. For this reason, out-of-state bikers operating in Ohio need to be ready to follow the local rules. California law allows lane splitting only when the surrounding traffic is moving at 30 mph or less. California was the first state to allow it and passed a formal law at the beginning of 2017. Lane splitting is illegal in most other states in the United. In Minnesota, lane splitting is not explicitly illegal, but is not recommended by the state’s Department of Public Safety. by: Dara Bitler. Lane Splitting Prohibited by Illinois Law. In Texas, there is no law specific to lane splitting. Lane filtering (or lane splitting as it’s called in the US) is only legal in California. Vehicles must move entirely over to the adjacent left lane (if legal) to pass a motorcycle. The state’s law was modeled after California law which defines lane splitting as “driving a motorcycle between rows of stopped or moving vehicles in the same lane. While there is currently proposed legislation to allow lane splitting, it is not legal in Virginia. In Ontario, as of my knowledge cutoff in September 2021, lane filtering isn. Under no circumstances is lane splitting allowed in New Mexico. Currently, the only state that explicitly permits lane splitting is California. Updated on Oct 18, 2022. Just because it doesn't specifically state "lane splitting" doesn't mean the act wouldn't fall under a different statute. However, there is no clear path forward for a lane splitting bill to become law in this state. Lane splitting, which is the practice of a motorcyclist riding between lanes of traffic to pass other vehicles, is not explicitly legal or illegal in Montana. You might not associate Montana with. A few years ago, California passed a law that allows. It involves navigating between two lanes of slow-moving traffic or stopped traffic or between adjacent lines or rows of vehicles moving in the same direction. Kentucky, like the other remaining states, does not mention lane splitting in any traffic. In 2016, Governor Edmund G. Likewise, opening a car door to impede a motorcyclist is also. Although there is no mention in state legislation, the Idaho Manual on Traffic Rules states that “the practice of lane sharing is not legal in Idaho. United States v.